Comparison between financial engineering and Islamic financial Essay

Correlation between money related building and Islamic budgetary designing and is monetary designing help the banks and money related organization in the credit crunch - Essay Example El-Gamal has called attention to that Islamic budgetary statute has planned for improving human government assistance however exchange costs have been considerably decreased rendering contract-based law incomprehensible (2007, p. 1). El-Gamal (2007) gives a premise to Islamic money related designing focusing on an Islamic law consistent just as legitimate hazard agreeable budgetary instruments. An expert on the Islamic budgetary framework is the Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) situated in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Islamic Financial Services Board is a global standard-setting association that looks to advance steadiness of the Islamic money related administrations industry by giving gauges and core values (IFSB 2009, p. 1). The part national banks/nations of the IFSB incorporate Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Bahrain, Iran, the Islamic Development Bank, Pakistan, Qatar, Singapore, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. A key element of Islamic monetary administrations relates to Shari-ah administration. Sadly, as indicated by IFSB archives (2009, p. 1), Shari-ah administration, in spite of being a regularly utilized word inside the Islamic budgetary assistance organizations (IFSI), has never been â€Å"properly† characterized. In any case, Shari-ah administration is regarded to have been acknowledged when a Shari-ah board accepts so (IFSB 2009, p.1). El-Gamal (2003, p. 4), be that as it may, partners the Shari-ah with the Islamic Law. Following El-Gamal, Shari-ah consistence is thusly consistence with Islamic Law as judgment of skilled specialists of the Shari-ah or the Islamic Laws. Stride and Worthington (2007, p. 27) explained, in any case, that the principle wellsprings of the Shari-ah law are the Qu’ran, Hadith, Sunna, Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtihad. As indicated by the most recent accessible IFSB (2009) archive on the Shari-ah, the Shari-ah board is normally made out of researchers on the Shari-ah (then again known as the Shari-ah Committee or the Shari-ah Supervisory Board) however the training throughout the years is

Semiotic Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Semiotic Analysis - Case Study Example He deciphered the sign to be a physical item with importance, comprising of the 'signifier' and the 'meant'. The 'signifier' as per him, was the material vehicle for the sign and the 'connoted' was the psychological idea it spoke to which was a typical factor between each individual from a similar culture, having a similar language. (Fiske 1990:43) While then again, paradigmatic investigation manages the assessment of standards installed in the content. Compensation tests are regularly utilized in paradigmatic investigation. Compensation test include the examination by subbing expressions of a similar class or type to control the movements in meaning. They help in breaking down a commercial from alternate points of view through signs. They contemplate various parts of the 'signifier' and 'implied'. To decipher the message of the ad with regards to various topics, sorts or mediums, a paradigmatic methodology ought to be utilized. (T. Vestergaard, and K. Schroder, 1985) Suggestive implications are those that are not intentional portrayals of the article, at the same time, new utilizations that have been delivered by the language gathering. Demonstrative importance looks at the affiliations, the feels and hints of an idea, and rather doesn't see it expressly. Investigating the definition given Saussure (1857-1913), a sign comprises of two sections: Being a signifier involves, it will have a structure that an individual can observer through his faculties of touch, smell, sight and hearing, and Being the connoted suggests, it will represent a thought or mental form of a thing rather than the item itself While then again, as indicated by Chandler, Daniel. (2001/2007), a signification is the exacting or surface importance preset to a signifier. Implications that are demonstrative are created by the majority and don't show the intrinsic characteristics of the thing or idea in fact meant as the importance. The amassing of such implications brings unpredictability into the arrangement of coding. On the off chance that a signifier has only one denotational meaning, the utilization of the sign will consistently be unambiguously decoded by the crowd. Be that as it may, indicative implications are those that are reliant on the unique circumstance, for example the recipient must figure out how to make both the implications compare; the significance proposed by the sender and the different likely implications in memory. While the syntagmatic investigation, dissects the literary viewpoint which contrasts a shot especially in photography and other going before and succeeding shots. Then again, paradigmatic investigation analyzes shots, yet not against other elective sorts of shots, most definitely (C. Bazalgette, 1991). The hypotheses of semiotics are along these lines viewed as a binding together lattice which underlie the vast majority of the supposed humanities, just as huge numbers of the social and conduct sciences. In this manner it illuminates and encroaches the significant fragments of the social sciences, for example, mental examinations, and the hard sciences, for example, science and material science

10 Best Beach Reads for Summer 2018

10 Best Beach Reads for Summer 2018 The Favorite Sister by Jessica Knoll (0) Summer is here, which means you get to reward yourself for a long year of studying by soaking up the sun (SPF-protected, of course) and unwinding by the beach or pool. Savor the rays with one of these unputdownable new beach reads. Need to use one as the basis for a post-summer book report? Never fear! Theres EasyBibs easy online grammar checker. The Favorite Sister by Jessica Knoll Published on May 15, 2018 Five successful women land a reality series that ensues with plenty of drama. Hardly anything newâ€"until it ends in murder. Sisters Brett and Kelly, along with a supporting cast of high-power characters, navigate envy and strife in a murder mystery that also explores sister relationships, societal pressures, and the glass ceiling. If you’re looking for a beach read that’s thought-provoking as well as entertaining, The Favorite Sister is a smart bet. The Good Son by You-jeong Jeong Published on June 5, 2018 Murder most foul makes another appearance in this new novel by South Korean author You-jeong Jeong, her first to be translated into English. Yu-jin is awakes in an early-morning haze doused in blood that isn’t his ownâ€"only to discover the mutilated body of his mother. He then sets out to find her killer. As young women begin to disappear from his town, Yu-jin finds out more than he bargained for about his own family’s past. Inspired by a true story (!), you might find yourself skipping the beach volleyball match to find out whodunnit. Southernmost by Silas House Published on June 5, 2018 If you’re searching for a captivating family drama, Silas House’s most recent novel should be on your list. After a flood decimates a small Tennessee town, evangelical Asher Sharp offers shelter to two gay men whose home was destroyedâ€"creating tension with his prejudiced wife and much of the town. His relationships suffer tremendously, and after a custody battle, Asher flees with his son to Key West to find his estranged brother. This exciting and intense novel about timely issues will keep you on the edge of your seat (or towel). Half Gods by Akil Kumarasamy Published on June 5, 2018 This collection of entwined short stories will have you sitting down at the beach to read one tale and ending up with a finished book and a nice tan. Half Gods follows the stories of two brothers, linking them to other characters including a butcher in New Jersey, a Muslim girl with a Hindu name, and an etymologist in Sri Lanka. With its beautiful and evocative writing, this book will take you to far-flung places, no plane ticket required. Treeborne by Caleb Johnson Published on June 5, 2018 Travel through time with this debut novel, another set in the American south. Elberta, Alabama is a city that has gone through many changes over the years, as has the eccentric Treeborne family. Narrator Janie Treeborne tells the family’s history to her grandson as she stands to lose the family orchard that she loves so much. If you like quirky stories with a strong sense of place, this is the book for you. Tell Me Lies by Carola Lovering Published on June 12, 2018 This addictive novel explores the strange and toxic relationship between two characters, Lucy Albright and Stephen DeMarco, from their first days of college to their post-college life. Immediately attracted to the mysterious and alluring Stephen, Lucy doesn’t realize she’s going to stumble into the ultimate dark secret. With alternating narration exposing different sides of the story in a way we never get in real life, this novel will stay with you for the entire summer. Who is Vera Kelly? by Rosalie Knecht Published on June 12, 2018 Rosalie Knecht’s latest novel explores a different side of the Cold War with a distinct heroine. In 1962, Vera Kelly is a lively New Yorker who’s just getting by as a radio host when the CIA extends her an unexpected invitation. Next thing she knows, she’s in Buenos Aires, on a mission to infiltrate student radicals while trying to break into the local KGB faction. But Vera soon gets in over her head, giving her a new mission: survival. If you like spy stories and strong heroines, this is the book for you. There There by Tommy Orange Expected on July 5, 2018 This debut novel by Tommy Orange explores intimate family connections as well as large cultural realities through interconnected stories. Each tells the story of one character who has come to the Big Oakland Powwow for a different reason: Jacquie to reconnect with her estranged family, Opal to support her nephew’s dance performance, and Dene to remember his late uncle. Together, their stories explore the contemporary Native American experience in ways that are in turns tragic, funny, and beautiful. What We Were Promised by Lucy Tan Expected on July 10, 2018 This deep and satisfying first novel tells a different kind of diaspora story: the one that begins when we return. Wei, Lina, and Karen Zhen have recently relocated to Shanghai, China after years of living in America. In their new home, each family member settles into a new and unfamiliar role. Lina, who is used to having a career, is now a leisurely housewife; Wei works for an advertising company; and Karen attends a Chinese-American boarding school. The Zhen family learns to navigate their new lifestyles while butting up against their complicated pasts and rapidly changing country.   Fresh Ink: An Anthology edited by Lamar Giles Expected on August 14, 2018 This anthology of young adult short stories, graphic fiction, and plays features writing from outstanding YA authors such as Eric Gansworth, Sharon G. Flake, and Aminah Mae Safi. Among them are “Don’t Pass by Me,” a tale about an Indian-American boy embracing his culture, “Why I Learned to Cook,” a story of a young Persian girl getting to know her grandmother, and “Tags,” a play narrated by New York teenagers beyond the grave, among many more. Diverse in genre, narrator, and voice, this beach read leaves nothing out, but is sure to leave you wanting more. We hope you enjoy these page-turners! If you need to turn one into a book report, brush up on how to make an APA book citation or see an example of MLA format. To make the citing even easier, there’s always EasyBib’s free citation generator. It never takes summer vacation.

Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov ( Arkhipov ) - 1407 Words

Vasili Alexandrovich Arkhipov (Arkhipov) Vasili Alexandrovich was born in a peasant family on January 30 1926 in Olovo, Moscow Oblast Russian Soviet union where he went to caspian higher naval school. Notes: Born January 30, 1926. In Olovo, Moscow Oblast, Russian. He was in the Family of the Moscow for a very long time . He was educated in the higher education School that wasnt for a normal average person . He later participated in the Soviet- Japanese War in in the Russian navy August of 1945, serving aboard a minesweeper. He transferred to the Naval School is where he graduated in 1947. After graduating in 1947. He served in the submarine service aboard boats in the black sea and was in the Northern and Baltic Fleets. He advanced up the ranks of the navy as his skill and training advanced as no one has really achieved before but he has done so . Notes: Went to school at high Naval School and then become a Participated. Soviet-Japanese War in Russian. In August around 1945. Then the captain took his boat to the Northern Black Sea. In July 1961. He was in office of the new Hotel-class ballistic missile submarine K-19. After a few days of conducting exercises off the coast of Greenland the submarine developed a bad leak in its reactor coolant system. The leak led to failure of the cooling system This was a horrible crisis event for the crew and possibly the world. Radio communications were also affected because was unable to make contact with Moscow or

Hispanics that Have Changed the Life of Technology and...

Hispanics have changed the life of technology and science a lot. A number of hispanic people have changed technology and science. An example of this would be Laura Saldivar, she is the executive director of Teach for America San Antonio. Teach for America San Antonio is a program that recruits top college graduates to teach in lower class schools. Dr. Antonia Novello was the first Hispanic and first woman to become a Surgeon General,the head of a public health service or of an armed forces medical service.In space exploration, there have been ten Hispanic astronauts, including Franklin Chang-Daz and Ellen Ochoa. Dr. Ochoa, in 1990, was the first Hispanic woman to become an astronaut. Dr. Chang-Daz, who joined the space program in 1981, was a crewmember on seven space flights and logged over 1,601 hours in space, including 19 hours and 31 minutes in three space walks. In 1995, Mario Molina, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, along with two other scientists, won the Nobel P rize in chemistry for research that helped the world confront the threat that chlorofluorocarbons pose to the earths protective ozone layer.In science in 1968, Luis Alvarez won the Nobel Prize for his work with subatomic particles.Raul Ruiz is an American medical doctor and politician. In 1968, Luis Alvarez won the Nobel Prize for his work with subatomic particles, he was a teacher at berkeley in california, he helped develop microwave beacons, he also ground controlled landing approaches forShow MoreRelatedThinking About Diversity and Inclusion808 Words   |  4 Pagesdepends of the human’s need and it has changed through human evolution. Countries that were pioneer on a cultural growth got behind and others countries progressed in art, technology, and science over the time. The immigration also interferes in the cultural diversity. The United States has a large amount of immigrants from many countries in the world. Immigrants try to preserve their cultural traditions to th e future generations and over the time their cultures have influenced in the art, music, andRead MoreEssay on Historical Trends at American Colleges and Universities1515 Words   |  7 Pageswere also others. The general colonial college curriculum included Latin, Greek, Hebrew, rhetoric, and logic. Later philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and mathematics were added. The argument later arose that colleges for agriculture and mechanical science should be established with support from federal land grants, thus the Morill Act of 1862 was created. This act granted each state 30,000 acres of public land for each senator and representative of Congress and the income from this grant was to supportRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Today s Life1403 Words   |  6 Pagesmany times have we heard older people talk about the good old days? However, when we examine the good old days, maybe they were not quite as good as they remember. Every generation has benefitted from the advances made by t he prior generation to improve the quality of life during the current generation. Today’s generation is no exception. Developments in technology, health, living, society and culture in the United States has made life better for today’s generation. Technology plays a bigRead MoreEssay about Functional Literacy in High School Students1422 Words   |  6 PagesFunctional Literacy in High School Students â€Æ' What is Functional Literacy? Prior to 1985, functional literacy was defined as the ability to read or write in English or another language. Standards for measuring one’s functional literacy have changed numerous times over the decades. In the 1930’s functional literacy meant having three or more years of school. During the WWII era, it meant completing a fourth grade education. The standards increased during the 1960’s. Literacy in this era meantRead MoreDeveloping And Adopting The Curriculum1361 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership and policy studies (D. Lauer, personal communication, November 1, 2014). Similarly, she studied Bachelor of Arts in Multicultural Education at the College of Santa Fe at Albuquerque. Finally, she earned a bachelor of arts in political science and speech communication from the University of Illinois. With respect to work experience, Lauer started teaching in June 1991 at San Diego mission school. After 16 years of teaching, she stopped in June 2007 to become a school administrator. In herRead MoreMy Personal Statement On My Economic Status Transformed Me Into A Better Student, And Help Me Grow Up974 Words   |  4 Pagestime management, responsible and, most importantly, that everything may be possible with hard work, dedication and determination. I have kept a significant high grade average point (GPA) of 3.81/4.0. I am actively participating in research projects. I am a member of PSI CHI, the International Honor Society in Psychology, and the Association for Psychological Science (APS). I am planning to pursue a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology at Columbia University, Teacher College. My motivation of further studyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Activist Malcolm X1631 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X (â€Å"1960’s). To fully understand what Malcolm X was trying to say, one would have to understand what â€Å"future† really means. Future: the time or a period of time following the moment of speaking or writing; time regarded as still to come (Merriam). An interpretation of this is that one should prepare for the future, so that when the future becomes the present, a person knows she or he did everything thing he could have to make today better than yesterday. The future was always a very big conceptRead MoreModern American society is still using the constructs from the eighteenth century. With the1100 Words   |  5 Pages Modern American society is still using the constructs from the eighteenth century. With the innovating discoveries in technology and science one would think social sciences would have a greater impact on our social constructs. Slavery wa s ended in 1865; unfortunately racism and white power was not. The integration of African Americans into American society has been a bumpy road and clearly has not been socially accepted in numerous locations within America. Social policies, frames, projects andRead MoreEducational Issue Involving Adolescents . Many People Blame1695 Words   |  7 Pagescause educational issues with adolescents in addition to parental involvement. These factors include: peer relations/bullying, substance abuse, young parenthood, technology use, stereotyping, racial judgements, and socioeconomic status. According to a study conducted by Aprile D. Benner, Alaina E. Boyle, and Sydney Sadler, American youth have made major strides in progressing in education in recent years. They also note that high school dropout rates are at an all-time low. In their report, they mentionRead MoreU.S. Automobile Manufacturing in the Twenty-First Century1540 Words   |  7 PagesCentury, automobiles are no longer luxuries but necessities. In addition, due to the technological, economical, and social changes, the automobile industries as well of organizational practices have changed since the 20th century (Greer, 2001). Several developments such as global competition, advanced technology, and reengineering are more likely to affect human resource managers in the automobile industry (Greer, 2001, p. 68). Human Resource Issues Managers in the Automobile Industry Should Be Prepared

Body Alterations Free Essays

Cosmetic surgery is the most common kind of plastic surgery nowadays. It consists on medical practices intended for enhancing one’s appearance, maintaining it or embellishing it beyond an average level toward an esthetic ideal. Tattoos, piercings and any other ornaments are applications that also take the human’s body as their final object. We will write a custom essay sample on Body Alterations or any similar topic only for you Order Now In his essay â€Å"The Body Jigsaw†, Philippe Liotard states that cosmetic surgery and body alterations stand at opposite sides. In the following, I’m going to take a position relatively to the above statement, before analyzing the situation in my home society, Lebanon. First of all, Liotard believes that body modifications are ways that one can use in order to look different from the common mass. For him, it is as expression of â€Å"refusal to comply with social norms† (Liotard, 264). So far, it’s true that having a foreign tattoo or a piercing in a society that doesn’t originally apply them commonly makes a person looks out of the box. Moreover, different combinations of body alterations emphasize the uniqueness of each individual and reflect a mixture of cultures. On the opposite side, cosmetic surgery can be applied for several reasons. One of them is looking for example as a certain idol, celebrity or any public figure. This aim is becoming very redundant between women who seek having this actress’ nose or that singer’s lips. From this way of thinking, we can say that cosmetic surgery promotes a kind of stereotype. For that, the uniqueness of each individual is abolished. For this way of interpretation, I stand on the same shore as the author. Moving to my home society, views and opinions concerning both â€Å"alternative† body alterations and cosmetic surgery vary a lot. There’s no single common way of handling these applications. In fact, some alterations are rejected while others can be tolerated. For most Lebanese, a familiar thought is that piercing as well as others body ornaments or some techniques are not manly. For that, a man with a pierced ear is subject to negative connotations. On the other hand, tattoos for instance are accepted to a certain extend. Concerning cosmetic surgery, we encounter three main categories of opinions. There are some people who completely support these surgeries whereas others reject them completely while some have intermediate views. As far as I’m concerned, I don’t mind people having a tattoo even though I won’t do it. I personally believe that the decision of having a permanent tattoo is based on mood or temporary convictions that can collapse with time. On the contrary, I’m not against having a temporary one. Also, about cosmetic surgeries, I support them when they aim to correct an inborn defect or an accidental one. A personal experience I had was when I broke my nose and the only solution was having a surgery to repair the bad appearance caused by the accident. On the opposite side, I disapprove plastic surgeries when they are applied just to have someone else’s nose, lips†¦ To sum up, I agree that cosmetic surgery and â€Å"alternative† body alterations are philosophical antonyms even though they both affect the body. And, like in everything else, the best use of body alterations relies in moderation. As a Lebanese proverb says: â€Å"Every excess means less† Works Cited Liotard, Philippe. â€Å"The Body Jigsaw†. Shades of Gray. 2nd edition. Ed. Zane Sinno et al. Essex: Pearson, 2008. Print How to cite Body Alterations, Papers

Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia: Too Short Arms to Embrace Consciousness Introduction From the dawn of consciousness, humans wanted to give shape to their inner feelings and experiences, but in most of the cases this endeavour remained limited only in individualized graphical details, representation through words or voice expressions. Yet the endeavour is still on and that depicts about human craving for further refinement. It is this quest that has been able to identify and universalize a vast range of feelings through categories and names. However, the broad-based term like 'qualia' used by the philosophers to address such package of various mental states, command some explanations to achieve deeper understanding on the subject because every proposition of philosophy is accompanied by counter argument. Thus this essay explores 'inverted qualia' and 'absent qualia', the chief constituents of qualia to reach a decision regarding their standpoint on physicalist account of consciousness. Need essay sample on "Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia: Too Short Arms to Embrace Consciousness" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Students Usually Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my girlfriend Professional writers suggest: Buy An Essay Which Will Lead You To Your Academic Success Consciousness Altogether there are six major identifiable states of consciousness like below: States one is aware of: in this state one is aware of being in (Rosenthal, 1986). Qualitative states: this state takes place when one is conscious in a qualitative sense for example, when one senses something out of something like appreciating a drink or experiencing pain, etc. these are often referred to as qualia, which involve disagreement about their nature. However, qualia have been regarded as "intrinsic, private, ineffable monadic features of experience, though current theories of qualia often reject at least some of those commitments" (Dennett, 1990). Phenomenal states: It involves more than sensory qualia, as it covers spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experience regarding the world and the person's standpoint in it. What-it-is-like states: It's when one associates a sense of experience with another, like if there is something that it is like to be in that state. Access consciousness: It's when one deals with intra-mental relations like one seeing a thing and ideating something and then deciding on something, where there maybe or may not be any apparent relationship among the above-said three stages. Narrative consciousness: It's when someone is in the "stream of consciousness" that contain an ongoing, series of thoughts from the "perspective of an actual or merely virtual self" (Dennett, 1991). What is Qualia Qualia can be called something as a package of intrinsic and intricate experiences that helps the sense to associate, distinguish or differ their qualities. As for example, if someone sees a colour red and subsequently experiences its proximity to orange and distance from black, then the intrinsic and intricate experiences associated with such reasoning can be called as qualia. In other words, phenomenal characteristics of such experiences that are accessible introspectively can be referred to as 'qualia'. Mental States that Cause Qualia In general, qualia involve Perceptual experiences: When one seeing and identifying a colour or sound or taste, etc. Bodily sensations: It involves feelings like pain, itch, hunger, hot or cold or dizzy, etc. Reactions: This involves passions, emotions, like feeling joyous, jealous or regretful, etc. Felt Moods: This involves feelings like depression, calm, bored, tense or miserable, etc. (Haugeland, 1985). Inverted Qualia Inverted qualia suggest that two persons having exactly same functional organization can experience the same sensation from different contexts. As for example, the sensation (joy, for example) one can gather from seeing red colour, can occur in another person while he is seeing green, in spite of both being on the same plane of functional organization. However, this hypothesis extends itself even to the contrasting reaction zones, such as one is getting pleasure when injured or getting pain in a situation when others are experiencing pleasure. While the former opposes qualitative preconditions of functional state of mind (injury begets pain), the later fits well in the premise as it is perfectly possible to be at pains with the loud music at a disco, where others are experiencing pleasure out of it. Absent Qualia Absent qualia propose that functional duplicates of consciously perceiving creatures are possible, where the duplicates would totally lack qualia. As for example, Mr. X likes pizza and dislikes pudding, and accordingly, a clone of Mr. X would also like pizza and dislike pudding, for which it won't need processes like earlier intricate and intrinsic package of experiences thus it would achieve the same outcome even without having any phenomenal consciousness. Researchers argue that absent qualia hypothesis can be understood in three ways: Absent qualia are nomically possible. Absent qualia are possible metaphysically They are conceptually or logically possible. While the orthodox school of the philosophy of mind, comprising of dualists about phenomenal consciousness and the materialists, maintains the view that absent qualia are at least conceptually possible, the opposing school holds the view that they are impossible. Qualia and Functionalism The issue of qualia evolves out of functionalism, a doctrine that a certain feeling (for example, pain) is identical to a certain functional state, which is definable in terms of its causal relations to inputs, outputs, and other mental states" (Block, 1980). The functional state in this regard may be partially characterized by its tendencies like To be caused by tissue damage, To cause the desire to clear it, and Producing action to protect the damaged part of the body from the carriers of pain. This premise of functionalism evokes two objections stemming out from the concept of qualia, viz., 'Inverted Qualia' and 'Absent Qualia'. Inverted qualia suggest that two persons having exactly same functional organization can experience the same sensation from different contexts. As for example, the sensation (joy, for example) one can gather from seeing red colour, where that sensation can occur in another person while he is seeing green, in spite of both being on the same plane of functional organization. If this hypothesis is taken as true, then one has to admit that there can be functionally identical mental states in two persons under qualitatively or phenomenally different conditions. This shows that the functional characterizations of mental states fail to capture their qualitative factors. If the hypothesis of inverted qualia is considered as true then it puts the rationale of functionalism under scanner, as it says that every mental state is a functional state, while inverted qualia argues that if the qualitative state remains undefined (as to why one gets joy from red and another from green while being equal in terms of functional organization) then it becomes clear that functionalism fails to comprehensively cover the mental states. On the other hand, absent qualia suggests that two persons' mental states could be functionally identical even in the condition where one of them doesn't possess qualia at all! This also defies the premise of functionalism that 'every mental state is a functional state'. However, the premise of functionalism has been defended by many as for example, Sydney Shoemaker, the author of "Functionalism and Qualia", argued that functionalism can align itself with inverted qualia by admitting that mental state is 'not identical' to any functional state, which does not block functionalism to characterize mental states that have qualitative character, though they miss out the qualitative characters (Block, 1980). However, Shoemaker argues that absent qualia, i.e. two persons doing the same thing under same conditions, where one of them doesn't possess qualia, are impossible. According to him, if absent qualia is possible then the presence or absence of the qualitative character of pain would make no difference to its casual consequences, and accordingly we could have no knowledge of the qualitative character of pain, which in fact is not true, as we do have the knowledge of the qualitative character of pain. Therefore absent qualia is not possible. Ned Block, who depicts the situation as below, counters the above. Two persons, one with qualia and another without qualia experience pain, which are functionally identical. The pain experienced by the person having no qualia lacks qualitative characters that are supposed to stem out of qualia. This person's pain, say named as "ersatz pain", is possible even though the qualitative character of genuine pain is crucial to producing the consequences (say, tears) that are produced in another way by ersatz pain. Absent Qualia and The China-Body System In his well-known essay "Troubles with Functionalism", Ned Block (1980a) offers the following example: Imagine that a billion Chinese people are each given a two-way radio with which to communicate with one another and with an artificial (brainless) body. The preconditions of that imagery are: Their body movements are controlled by radio signal Signals are made in accordance with instructions displayed in the sky All Chinese people can see that display The nature of the instructions are making Chinese people function like individual neurons, where radio links are working like synapses so that together the Chinese people duplicate the casual organization of a normal human brain down to very fine-grained level. This system, according Block, does not undergo experiences and feelings. (Tye, 2006). Functionalists, however, considered this proposition as too hasty, where they countered with the argument that "Being so much smaller than the China-Body system, we fail to see the forest for the trees and we leap to an unlicensed conclusion about the absence of qualia one no more to be trusted than the conclusion a tiny extraterrestrial might reach if he happened to materialize inside a human brain and concluded that the pulses of electricity running down the huge number of pathways surrounding him do not support experience" (Tye, 2006). If the idea of China-Body is taken as true then it makes absent qualia true too where it would be conceptually possible to duplicate normal human mental state in spite of not possessing qualia, much like someone imagining that a certain rock within the gravitational framework of the earth can float after it is dropped from a height. Yet one can imagine the case of outer space (where there is no gravitational force like the earth) where s/he can drop a rock from the earth to see it is floating. Otherwise, under the earthen environment it remains obvious that the rock will fall on earth. Aligning with the above idea, one can say that even if one decides that it is nomicaly impossible for the China-Body system to lack experiences, one cannot be averse to the idea that it is conceptually possible. This clears the deck for absent qualia, though it is seemingly impossible. Mary's Case: Are Qualia Non-Physical Entities? In his book "Epiphenomenal Qualia", Jackson presents the case of Mary, where she remains confined within a black-and-white ambience, while acquiring knowledge about other colours, after which she successfully identifies other colours, like roses are red and grasses are green. This event serves as a pointer towards the intrinsic phenomenal qualities that are associated with colour, which is beyond the explanation of a physicalist. Since it is beyond the parameters of "I know" physicalist concept (Mary cannot say I know colours physically) it corroborates the notion that there is more than it meets the eye regarding phenomenal organization. Kant (1787), and Husserl (1913) too supports this fact that phenomenal structure of experience involves more than sensory ideas, thereby accommodating time, space, cause, body, self, world, and maybe more, to cook a complex package within our brain. Conclusion The propositions discussed above points to the fact that inverted qualia are possible and absent qualia are impossible. Inverted qualia are possible much like the way two brothers experiencing same craving for two different dishes, while absent qualia are impossible much like the way a robot fails to cry while seeing a hapless orphan amid a battlefield, where a human would do the other way, while associating his/her childhood with that boy and subsequently deciding to do something about the boy. However, inverted qualia cannot answer its conflict with functionalism where an injury is bound to generate pain and not pleasure to anyone. Together these grey areas of absent qualia and inverted qualia do show that there is yet to be a plausible physicalist account of consciousness, as the What, How and Why of consciousness the descriptive, explanatory and the functional questions regarding consciousness still remain unanswered, where 'What' asks for a clear model of the salient features o f consciousness, 'How' asks an explanation regarding the primary status of consciousness, while 'Why' asks about the value and relevance of consciousness. Ends References Block, N. (1980). Are Absent Qualia Impossible? The Philosophical Review. Vol. 89, No. 2. (Aprl, 1980), pp. 257-274. Block, N. (1980a), Troubles with Functionalism. In Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology, 1:268-305. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Denett, D.C. (1990). Quining qualia". In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan, ed., Oxford: Blackwell, 519-548. Dennett, D.C. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Haugeland, J. (1985). Artificial INtelligence: The Very Idea. Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, Bradford Books. Husserl, E. (1913-1931). Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology. Translated by W. Boyece Gibson. New York: MacMillan. Kant, I. (1787-1929). Critique of Pure Reason. Translated by N. Kemp Smith. New York: MacMillan. Rosenthal, D. (1986). Two concepts of consciousness. Philosophical Studies, 49:329-359. Tye, M. (2006). Absent Qualia and the Mind-Body Problem. Philosophical Review, Vol. 115, No. 2, 2006.

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning

Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning Planning Theory The meaning of planning theory depends on the context in which it is defined. There are two categories of planning theories namely, the procedural and the substantive theories. The procedural category encompasses the theories of planning, whereas the substantive consists of the theories in planning (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the procedural context, planning theory refers to the underlying ideologies, purposes, principles, and values in the planning process (Galloway Mahayni, 1977, pp. 62-69). In the substantive context, planning theory refers to the descriptive and predictive body of knowledge about the morphology and functioning of a city. Generally, planning theory can be perceived as the tools and techniques that facilitate planning processes such as da ta generation and communication. Importance of Planning Theory The main objective of planning theory is to enable planners to determine the circumstances under which human activities can lead to creation of a better city that benefits all its residence (Fainstein, 2005, pp. 121-130). In this context, planning theory has the following benefits. First, it establishes the relationship between planning procedures and the expected outcomes. This helps planners to identify appropriate planning procedures in order to achieve the desired outcomes. Second, planning theory provides guidelines for determining the attributes of an ideal city. For instance, Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) states that a good city should have adequate housing and affordable healthcare. By considering these elements, planners are able to meet the expectations of citizens concerning the acceptable standards of living within a city. Finally, planning theory provides a framework for choosing the best strategies for plan ning and developing a city that satisfies the needs of its residents. It facilitates identification of the bottlenecks that are likely to hinder the design and development of a good city. Types of Planning Theories There are three types of planning theories namely, the substantive, procedural, and normative theories. Procedural theory focuses on the planning process, by providing a framework for transferring knowledge into the actual activities associated with planning. Thus, it encompasses procedural issues such as making decisions, selecting participants in the planning process, and identifying the best planning processes. Substantive theory provides the knowledge base that planners use to develop city plans (Healey, 1992, pp. 143-162). It includes the theories associated with the various disciplines that are relevant in the planning process. Normative theory is concerned with the role of planning in the society. According to the normative theory, planning facilitates achievement of specific economic, historic, and political objectives that improve the lives of all citizens (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justification of Planning From an economic perspective, planning is a form of intervention that is justified by the following reasons. First, planning helps in correcting market failure (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). A free market is considered to have failed if it cannot facilitate efficient and equitable distribution of goods. Public goods are often not provided by the private market because they are non-rivalrious and non-appropriable. This leads to market failure that can be avoided through planning for the provision of public goods. Second, planning helps in the prevention of negative externalities such as pollution (Normativity in urban planning, n.d, pp. 76-99). Third, the government can prevent the prisoner’s dilemma by mobilizing the citizens to combine their efforts to achieve a common goal. The prisoner’s dilemma is a situation where a person cannot achieve a certain objective by acting independently. Finally, planning helps in addressing the problem of the tragedy of the commons that occurs when a shared resource is depleted due to uncontrolled usage by its beneficiaries. This problem can be eliminated through plans that either regulate the use of the resource or expand it in response to the increase in demand. The Rational Synoptic Approach to Planning In synoptic planning, the systems perspective is adopted to articulate and to solve planning problems. This involves using mathematical models that establish the link between ends and means (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). Ends refer to the objectives that planners intend to achieve through planning, whereas means refer to the available resources and the constraints associate d with the planning process. The effectiveness of synoptic planning depends on the availability of quantitative data and analytical tools that enable planners to achieve their objectives. The synoptic planning process has four stages. In the first stage, planners set the goals that they intend to achieve through planning. The second stage involves identification of the policies that can be employed to achieve the objectives of the plan (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). At the third stage, the available resources (means) are evaluated against the identified objectives (ends). The fourth stage involves implementation of the policy identified in stage two. It is worth noting that planners do not have to follow these stages sequentially since they are intertwined.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Term Paper on Advanced Theories of Urban and Regional Planning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the synoptic approach is superior to other planning methods in terms of simplicity, it has several weaknesses. To begin with, synoptic planning promotes centralization of planning activities such as problem definition and decision-making, thereby reducing the participation of the public in the planning process (Hudson, 1979, pp. 387-396). The synoptic approach fails to acknowledge the fact that some planners have cognitive limits that hinder them from developing optimum solutions. The synoptic approach is also criticized because it presumes the general public interest instead of the pluralist interest. Process Verses Outcome The democratic proceduralists believe that process is the most important element of planning. Thus, planners should always focus on following democratic procedures to develop plans that lead to achievement of public interest. This perspective is opposed by the Kantian idealists who believe that the most important aspect of planning is its outcome. In this regard, planners should foc us on the outcomes rather than the procedures used to achieve them. A third perspective in this debate is that planners should use any means to achieve their objectives as long as their intentions are ethical. They should focus on revolutionary change by developing new plans to replace existing ones. Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471) argues that process and outcomes or ends and means should not be considered as separate elements of the planning process. He further states that both process and outcome are important in planning. Thus, planners should not focus on process at the expense of outcome and vice versa. In my view, both process and outcome are important in planning. However, democratic procedures should be followed only if they lead to achievement of the interests of the public. Similarly, the expected outcome of planning should be considered acceptable only if it is likely to satisfy the needs of the citizens. The Goodness of New York City According to Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-4 71), a good city is characterized with the flourishing of the human population, multiplicity, and good governance. The human population flourishes if the city has adequate housing, social provision, remunerated work, and affordable healthcare. In New York City, majority of the residents have housing and jobs. However, healthcare is not affordable since a large number of residents still lack health insurance to access medical services.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Multiplicity refers to â€Å"an autonomous civil life relatively free from direct supervision and control by the state† (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has met this criterion since the statutes of New York State and the constitution of the United States protect the citizens’ right to liberty and speech. This has led to the development of a vibrant civil life in New York City. The residents are free to form organizations to articulate their challenges without the interference of the state or government. Governance refers to the procedures used to make and enforce binding decisions in cities (Friedmann, 2000, pp. 460-471). New York City has good governance that focuses on transparency and responsiveness to the needs of the citizens. The governance is also inclusive since citizens have the right to participate in the formulation of policies that affect their lives through consultations. The political leaders in the city are directly elected by the citizens b ased on their inspiration and ability to create a shared vision for the electorate. In sum, New York is a good city since it has most of the attributes identified by Friedmann (2000, pp. 460-471). References Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(1), 121-130. Friedmann, J. (2000). The good city: In defense of utopian thinking. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 460-471. Galloway, T., Mahayni, R. (1977). Planning theory in retrospect: The progress of paradigm change. Journal of the American Planning Association, 43(1), 62-69. Healey, P. (1992). Planning through debate: The communicative turn in planning theory. The Town Planning Review, 63(2), 143-162. Hudson, B. (1979). Comparison of current planning theories: Counterparts and contradictions . Journal of the American Planning Association, 45(4), 387-396. Normativity in urban planning. (n.d). Web.

Smoking in College Yay or Nay

Smoking in College Yay or Nay This isn’t going to be one of those articles that tries to convince you to quit or preaches at you. Instead, let’s talk about smoking in college in a new light! There are several issues connected with smoking that you face if you smoke. So, for those who are smoking or consider to start you should be aware of the problems you may face, and think about some alternatives as well. The Smokers Smell Some students feel pretty much fine with the fact they smoke but are really bothered about the smell. Even if you are in the process of quitting an smoke really rarely, the smell can bother other students and professors, who will immediately detect you are a smoker. Nobody wants to be the guy in class that smells like an ashtray. Several tips might be useful. How to hide it from others? Don’t bring cigarettes with you if you’ve set up your day with back-to-back classes. If you cant quit smoking while in college, just wait until after classes are done to smoke. Dont carry â€Å"butts† or cigarettes that you â€Å"butt† and don’t finish! These things reek. You might not smell it, but non-smokers can smell them from a mile away and you simply will not be able to hide the smell in class even if you try to put it in your backpack. And, wherever you put it will begin to sme. Carry hand lotion and cologne or perfume with you in your backpack or whatever. Your hands have the most of cigarette smell on them. After you’re done smoking lotion-up your hands and then give yourself a spritz. You can always keep a small travel-size toothbrush and toothpaste with you so that you can quickly brush your teeth after taking a few drags. Don’t forget to invest in breath mints and gum! So thats the problem which always accompanies a smoker it’s hard work keeping the smell at bay. It makes almost impossible to be a Secret Smoker, so if you consider to start smoking, and hope it will be left unnoticed you should think again. Smoking Education You would be shocked to find out that only a tiny sliver of smokers out there really know anything about a) tobacco, b) smoking, and c) cigarettes. Why not study up? No one start sa habit without a reason. Why smoking should be an exception? Look into the history. Learn how smokes are produced and by whom. Learn how the body processes nicotine and why it’s so addictive. Don’t do it because you’re trying to quit, but simply out of curiosity. Wouldn’t you like to know about these little â€Å"cancer sticks† that you have a love/hate relationship with? Like anything else in this world, there’s tons to learn and discover and who knows what that might lead to. Are There Safe Cigarettes? The only reason cigarettes have a bad name is because of the health risks. Well, what if you created a safer cigarette, or one that wasn’t hazardous at all? And don’t tell me it’s not possible because it is! Anything we can think of is possible and someone, someday, is going to do it and that person or that group of people are going to become billionaires without a doubt. Think of the lives they’ll save. Holy Smokes! Get on it. Just imagine guilt-free smoking. Hmm, how much would a pack of harmless cigarettes cost? Here’s a hint to get you started: look into Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC) made from Tobacco leaves. Have You Considered Vaping? What started as these simple little gadgets made for smokers has turned into a global phenomenon. Vaping is mainstream now. Is it safer? Are the chemicals dangerous? How serious is the lack of concrete studies and evidence concerning vaping? One thing’s for sure, there’s a ton of really yummy vape flavors out there and many people have claimed that vaping or e-cigs helped them kick conventional smoking. One drawback is the cost of the vaping apparatus, these things are getting insane! Pretty soon you’ll have people carting around veritable vaping hukas! The Dating Scene If you’re a single college smoker we’d love to hear from you. Is it harder to date? And, more importantly, do you find yourself attracted to other smokers or do you try to only date non-smokers? When you fill out an online dating profile, are you honest and disclose the fact you smoke? There’s so many questions! There’s a thought, put together a creative investigation about the Smoker Dating scene! The result may help you decide whether it is worth to start smoking in college at all. Because if youll have to choose between love and cigarette it would be a hard dilemma! By the Numbers Truth is, smoking rates in the modern world are plummeting across the board. Tobacco companies are reeling! It’s primarily due to ultra-high taxation, which in turn is being driven by the dramatically high healthcare costs to look after smokes as they age. Every day the chances you’ll quit and find a more productive addiction get higher and higher. Regardless, take it easy on yourself and make your reasonable and mature decision! Want to start smoking hot discussion? Have some thoughts to share? Dont be shy! Leave your comments below!

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Discussion - Essay Example The quality of any research findings depends on the source of information applied and therefore the quality of the source matters (Arlene, 16). Your choice for the second question implies your concern on the quality of research work and the common mistakes that researchers commit. Apart from being credible, sources should also be authentic, reliable, and authoritative. In your comment, you have identified Wikipedia and about.com as some of the invalid research sources. They serve as good examples of sources that lack authority. Probably you could have added the fact that most students are enticed into using these sources in their research papers as opposed to credible source such as books and peer reviewed journals. From your comment, you seem to have the right facts about research and research work. Your comments have probably changed my attitude towards credibility of research and I fully concur with you. It is interesting to note that researchers perform massive work in finding of research information but lack time to research for their sources. They end up getting a lot of information that may be of little use. In your comment, you have highlighted some principles of evaluating the credibility of a source and I recommend them to all existing and potential researchers. In addition, I would suggest that researchers present their research work to relevant authorities for evaluation before releasing the same to the intended audience. A good example is peer reviewed journal articles, which are scrutinized thoroughly for authenticity and

Sport law and society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sport law and society - Essay Example Politics, history, sociology, economy, accounting, media, entertainment, nationalism, racism, gender issues, drug abuse and unhealthy competition have all become part of almost all the sports. No doubt there are many negative aspects; but there still remain a few very positive factors in every form of sports that makes it divine even today. The pure competition, the thrill of enjoyment of playing and watching both do not fail to take us back to the days of Athens sports when sports was played for crystal clear enjoyment and sporting spirit. It has also become a rich language of nationalism and differentiation. It represents the national aspirations and standoffishness both. The pride involved is because of the nationalistic dimension, which sometimes can go overboard, if not properly controlled. When we talk about the controlling, we unwittingly venture into the arena of Sports Law. EXPANDING REGION OF SPORTS Today, sports come under the banner of social psychology and its theories of communication, inclusion and wellbeing of the society. A society which encourages sports activities at any levels like regional, national and international, is regarded as a healthy society that can face playful, ethical and healthy challenges. As a bridge of communication, builder of friendship, resurrector of healthy bodies and minds, and as promoter of strong and competing outlook, sports is unparalleled. It is nothing new that sport has not remained as pure happiness any more and is increasingly getting commercialised which has created both advantages and disadvantages. There are other connected problems that could create or spoil a perfect social atmosphere. Still sports is considered to be one of the highpoints of human life even in the days of early Roman or Greek civilizations. Sports implies some kind of physical activity that could improve the mental or physical prowess of the participants and enjoyment of the onlookers. The competitions are not considered to be a show of enmity, but of happy competition. The 'Spirit of the Game' is the main slogan here. LEGAL SCOPE Although sports should be ideally played in good-humoured and pleasant atmosphere, every country knows today that sports has to be bound by national and international laws that should be respected by all the connected teams and countries. Any deviation from this law is punishable and the rough play, foul mouthing, un-sportsman-like behaviour, hooliganism by fans are all controlled through civil and criminal laws of the land and through the international sports law. Rough sports should be contained and there has to be a realisation that roughness in sports should not go beyond a certain limit. Adventurous sports could be curtailed by law if there is definiteness about its causing body injury for participants, onlookers or both. INTERNATIONAL LAW International sports law is growing steadily in recent years and has shown that it could be very effective1. It has advocated the efficiency of non-judicial remedies which could be tried before approaching the Courts and Tribunals and in some cases, non-judicial remedies could be more effective and less taxing2. But any attempt to flout the rules and regulations of international sports law could end up in embarrassment and perplexity3. At the same time, there is an increase of conflict between national law and international

Property investment decision making

Property investment decision making Introduction and background Within the process of property investment decision-making, increasing attention to the relationship between sustainability and business growth. The terms ‘sustainability refers to the relationship between environment protection and the economic development related with the industry society (Ratcliffe et al, 2009). As well as, property industry is considering of the business development with responsibility of social and environment. Furthermore, the increasing demands for property assts and investment opportunities that comply with the principle of sustainable development. This concept also discussed by McNamara (2005) the environmental friendly building will become more desirable property asset in future years even if it is not reflected in their current value. Therefore, sustainability development is taking in to account of the real estate company business context. Interestingly, Prudential Property Investment Manager Limited (PRUPIM) is the global real estate management company with over  £15billion of assets in more than 800 properties. In 2007, the company introduced ‘Sustainable Development: A Framework for Decision Making which targeted to minimise the business risk and maximise the market opportunities (Moore, 2007). Leads to the main proposal of the report as following; To analyse PRUIM Sustainability Development Framework in the UK real estate market focusing upon business park development. To critically review the Sustainability Development Framework in relation to the portfolio management of PRUPIM. To critically evaluate the Sustainability Development Framework in terms of, environmental scale of development and impact on the investment portfolio. To provide recommendations on improving PRUPIM portfolio in order to competitive advantage in UK real estate market. In particular, area of study in the business park portfolio at The Green Park in Reading and The Oxford Science Park in Oxford by using the interview with two (2) expertises in real estate investment and the academic published literatures. The chapter 1 of this report provides the published literatures review which concerned to sustainability development. The report focuses on the principle of triple bottom line to emphasise the correlation of economical, environmental and social within the sustainability development of real estate portfolio. Furthermore, the author adopted the sustainability development criteria (Sayce et al, 2004) to align the assessment of sustainable development framework of PRUPIM. Furthermore, the author provides business analysis of PRUPIM sustainability development framework by using PESTLE analysis. As well as, to identify the critical success factors of the sustainability framework by using Key Performance Index. In addition, the evaluation of PRUPIM sustainability framework in term of environmental, social and economic context this will be mention on Chapter 2. The chapter 3 of the report provides recommendation in order to short to intermediate term and long term to implementation the sustainability development framework for PRUPIM in further project investment. CHAPTER 1 Sustainability and Real Estate Portfolio Emerging of ‘Sustainability to ‘Sustainable Development Sustainability has become crucial environmental discussions. When an environmental issueis debated in the media, there is frequently a quotation from a scientist or an environmental activist saying that the trend in question is â€Å"unsustainable†. The idea of sustainability becomes crucial nowadays. Regarding to, it is much more powerful rhetorically than an idea like being â€Å"environmental friendly† (Dresner, 2002).Concept of sustainability was likely formed by the World Council of Churched in 1974 in the report of Ecumenical Study Conference on Science and Technology for Human Development (World Council of Churched, 1974). The environmentalist proposed for response to developing world objection to concerning to the environment when human being in many parts of the world suffers from lack of food and unemployment. Therefore, the concept of sustainable development was put forward by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in 1980 (I nternational of Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1980). Furthermore, sustainability issue within the real estate industry has been examined by a number of authors. Pivo and McNamara (2005) defined sustainability and the concept of responsibility property investment (RPI) as to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative effects of property ownership, management and development on the social order and the natural environment in a way that is consistent with investor satisfactions and reliable responsibilities. Francesco and Levy (2008) also examined this definition within the others literature, the term â€Å"sustainability† might be viewed as providing a framework for adopting investment principle which provide correlation to the economic, social and the natural environments that effectively utilise resources for the current and future generations. As a consequence, sustainability considers the three main elements of economic accomplishment, social development and environmental friendly. With respect of, the social environment, the emphasis is on changing the behaviour of real estate market participants to become more aware of day-today sustainable living. As a result, sustainability is significantly important for over thirty years the concept has been developed by the scientists, the environmentalists and the social activists. At the initial stage of the discussion in sustainability concept was generated to the awareness of the quality of life for human being, which related to the social welfare and standardise of living of the future generation. Moreover, sustainability in real estate business has been developed under the circumstance of economic growth, environment protection and social wealth consideration to maximising benefits and minimising negative impact to the building owners, developers, and occupiers in term of society responsibility and environmental friendly. Moving forward to the term of ‘sustainability development according to, Dresner (2002), has been discussed sustainability and sustainable development finally came to prominences in 1987, when the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development published the Brundtland report which identified the way to square the circle of competing demands for environmental protection and economical development through out the new scheme of ‘sustainable development. The summary of the Brundtland report in 1987 has been defined sustainable development as ‘meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs needs (Dresner, 2002). Interestingly, Sayce et al., (2004) also have discussed the term of sustainable development became significantly important topic for many governments over the 20th century, following, the Rio de Janeiro declaration in 1992. In this summit, the represent of many countries across the world signed the agreement of principle of sustainable development and actions at international, national and local level. The global agenda is a set of eight main principles that governments should be certify; The fundamental of human rights to the environmental that is sufficient to people healthy and well-being; The preservation and proper use of the environment and built environment that profit to current and future generations; The encouragement of bio-diversity to ensure eco-system protection; The monitoring of environmental standards and publication of related information; The prior evaluation of environmental impacts from the development projects; The all individuals are informed of planned activities and given right to justice; The conservation is integrated to the planning and implementation of development activities; The co-ordination with other state towards mutual implementation. Additionally, Sayce et al., (2004) has been examined the eight principles of sustainable development in scale of the continental and country level as the European Union and the United Kingdom. According to, the Agenda 21 from the Rio 1992 summit. The plan for completing the sustainability development in business as the sets of great challenges for everyone and in this mean time, a combination of governmental legislation, political pressure and increased awareness on the part of the public, places the onus on all professional people to conduct their business in such a way that it does not conflict with the ambition of UK government to promote sustainable development. Sustainable development affects to all those concerned with the creation and maintenance of the built environment. The essence of sustainable development requires that in all development activity, due account is taken of both the short and long term of the activity for all those affected. The professionals in this field h ave a unique opportunity and obligation, whether they are developers, planning advisers, architects, contractors, building surveyors, property agents or investors. One of the key decisions for buildings that have implications for sustainable development is whether to demolish or retain an existing building. Economically, the decision may seem relatively simple but if the principle of sustainable development as to adopted, the implications become more complex the UK, Sustainable Development Strategy does not mean having less economic development: on the contrary, a healthy economy is better able to generate the resources to meet peoples needs and new investment and environmental improvement often go hand in hand†¦. What it requires is that decisions throughout society are taken with proper regard to their environmental impact. More recently, sustainability development relevance to social responsibility in real estate investment in term of, Social Responsibility Property Investment: SRPI. The property investors have become to be attentive of more ethical and environmental protection in the business development (Rapson et al., 2007). The fundamental of developing built environment to sustainable development required well-documented and becoming to increasingly well-recognised along the property community (Pivo and McNamara, 2005; WWF and Insight Investment, 2005; Morley Fund Management Ltd, 2005). Particularly, the commercial sustainability development implications the developers shall be determine the term of development location, the re-use of land, environmental reservation and â€Å"green buildings design† either to, the practices, method and materials employed (Keeping and Shiers, 2004) The progress forward to sustainability in real estate portfolio to date has mostly been downward to the work of architects and engineers on the development and construction part. On the other hand, there have BREEAM and the â€Å"Green Guide† series taken the responsibility to the production of new material of construction and the design as well as, the assessment criteria of sustainable development in property business (Rapson et al., 2007). According to McNamara (2005) cited in Rapson et al., (2007) has been discussed sustainability development have been developed from the circle of problem in the real estate and construction business between engineers or architect, developers, investors and occupiers. Sustainability development could be based on the development from technical knowledge, energy efficient factors and ethical in the business to the persuasion the developers and the investors to realize and interest in the business strategy. In summary, sustainability has been established over three decade from the group of people those concern to environmentally protection and well-being in the community. From the globalization agreement moved forward to continental scale and government policy of sustainable development. The term sustainability and sustainable development have been examined by a number of authors. In contract, Sustainable development has been developed from conflict in the cycle of real estate and construction. Next section will be explained why sustainability development is significantly important in the UK. Why sustainable development has taken placed in UK real estate and construction business? As Sayce et al., 2004 has been discussed the reason why sustainable development taking into account of real estate and construction. According to, the property and construction industry is significantly important to the UK economy and realisations the buildings have been relevance to all activities take place. People in the UK spent over half of their lives inside buildings. The good quality of work place should be affected the performance of the workers in theirs building and leads into the business growth as the result of sustainable development. Furthermore, construction industry is significantly important to indicate the wealth of the UKs annuals GDP. The report, ‘Construction in the UK economy: The Benefits of Investment (CBI, 2009) illustrated that sustainability development in construction and real estate industry is the best sector for stimulating employment. According to, every  £1 spent on construction business could be generated in the UK GDP growth to  £2.84, as the spending not only creates construction output worth  £1, but also stimulates growth elsewhere in the economy worth  £1.Consequently, the relationship between sustainable development in real estate and construction industry in the UK and the other parts of the economy, as well as, its crucial contribution to the numerous other social and economic contexts including the regional development and employment. The construction and real estate industry as a whole has to increase the attention into the broader environmental and social agenda. That this, presented by the concept of sustainable development regarding to the built environment affects to all human activities (Curwell and Cooper, 1998). Additionally, in 1999, the Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In 1999, targets were agreed worldwide on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; the target for the European Union was to reduce emissions to 8 per cent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012 (DTI, 2004).The UK has set itself the goal of reducing the gas emissions by 8-12 per cent by 2010 with respect of the global agreements, sustainability has been highlight on the UK government policy. Later on the same year in 1999, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been published the strategy document ‘A better quality of life: Strategy for Sustainable De velopment for the United Kingdom (Tucker et al., 2009). The report is focused on social development in order to, recognize the needs of everyone, environmental protection, carefully use of natural resources and maintain the high level of economic growth and employment (DEFRA, 1999). The department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions: DETR (2000) also introduced the regulations to monitoring real estate and construction sectors to achieve of more sustainable development. The main proposes for more profitable and competitive, delivery customers satisfaction and value added by provide the sustainability building, with respect to create maximization of shareholder wealth. As well as, enhancing and protecting environmental and natural resources. And minimizing the impact of energy consumption particularly, carbon-based and natural resources. As a result, sustainable development has been contributed from three main contents in term of social, environmental and economic growth. The following section would be presented the significantly important of sustainability development in the equity of society, environment and economy principle. The triple bottom line principle (TBL) With the advent of sustainability development paradigm in real estate sector, corporations is become to move into economic conception of responsibility and influence the business strategy in response to environmental protection and changing society expectation (Robinson, 2000). Interestingly, Sayce et al., (2004, p.3) stated in building sustainability in balance of TBL principle as ‘The sustainable development context has three main aspects to be concern in term of Economic, Environmental and Social. The balance of these three elements is said to comply with the principle of the triple bottom line (TBL). Increasingly, corporate bodies are adopting TBL principle in developing their business activities. This is partly in response to legislative imperatives and partly due to an increasing realisation that compliance with and promotion of social and environmental well-being is good for business . In term of, economic factor refers to financial viability. These include issues of competitiveness advantage, employment, market development and long-term profitability. Economic sustainability is increasingly implicit of value added creation in broader rather than conventional financial accounting. Economical and financial aspects of sustainability development therefore, may be encompassing to decrease operations costs along the management system and emerging the new market through rigorous business integrity policies. As well as, increase productivity and high performance from a motivated workforce and workplace. And attract a new investor by offering opportunity in social responsible investment (ICC, 2002) As Jamali (2006) has been investigated environmental issues in sustainability development is focused on the impact from business activities to natural system, ecology system, and natural resources for instance, land, air and water. The responsible in environmental engage to comply with government regulations. In generally, the sustainable development in environmentally context also concerned to initiative of recycling and energy efficient. And it has been involved a comprehensive approach to a companys operations, products and that including the business product assessment, operations processes and services. Furthermore sustainability development in environmental point of view is focused on eliminating waste from the property during the under construction period until the project completion and hand-over to the customers; maximizing the efficiency and productivity of all assets and resources; and minimizing practice that might be negatively affect the natural resources for the future generations. The social element is become to corporate sustainability in term of centralize on the impact of the organization on the social activities. Particularly in the real estate sectors, social responsibility expectation of diverse groups either, internal and external stakeholders. As well as interest groups comprising civil society are actually considered and skillfully balanced. The social bottom line incorporated topics for instance, public health, society issues, public controversies, education and training, social justice, workplace safety, working environmental, human rights, equal opportunity and labour rights (Jamali, 2006). Therefore, sustainability is crucial in the property company business strategy to being balance between economic growth and the responsibility of environmental and social performance over the long term. Notwithstanding the compelling principle of TBL, the economic performance in the property company is controversial issues of its reliability and sustainability g rowth and thus as fundamentally element of the corporate social responsibility (CSR). However, to become social responsibility is increasingly understood to both involvement the environmental stewardship and concern to social activities (Windsor, 2001). Therefore, the challenge facing to the property company nowadays to becoming considered the principle of triple bottom line as a whole for generate and develop the business strategy in order to complying the sustainable development. Hence, the criteria assessment of sustainability development is essentially focus topics. The following section would be examined the sustainable development criteria from the published literature and leads to assessment the existing sustainable development framework of PRUPIM in chapter 2.

The Difference in Living in the South

Introduction with Thesis Statement This paper will be discussing the differences in living in the South, and in the North. The two places that will be compared are Chicago Illinois, and Clarksville Tennessee. It will also tell how the two places are alike and different. The difference is the fast pace of city life, and the slow pace of country living. The city life is a better way of living then that of the country, due to its broad cultural environment. Topic 1 The city life is a fast pace way of living than in the country.Unlike the country the cities traffic is like having rush hour all day long. People are rushing to do just about everything, from shopping, eating, exercising, and most importantly to go to work. People go downtown to enjoy the different sites, like the Sears Tower, and the great big buildings the city folk love so much. The food is always magnificent; you can get any kind of food from any nationality. There are many different ethnic groups that dwell in the city of Chicago.There are Mexicans, who live mostly on the Westside of Chicago, and African Americans who live mainly on thee Southside of Chicago. The Eastside is also filled with Blacks. As for the North you will see a majority Whites, these are known as the suburbs. Downtown you have a mixture of them all. You will see Asians, Indians, Italians, French, and West Indies. The streets are crowded everyday with people who are in a hurry. Buckingham Fountain is one of the most beautiful fountains in the City of Chicago.You may recognize it from the TV series Married with Children. The lights that shine are of every color on an artist’s canvas. There are at least five museums; great exhibits for every member in your family. There’s also a museum located on Stoney Island Avenue, with a Harry Potter exhibit it is very fascinating. Down town is like being in a crowded Grocery store. There is always cars honking, buses stopping at every stop, taxi cabs tail-gating other cars, peop le running to catch the bus, and running to get into shops as they open.Some people are crossing the street from every direction trying to get to the other side of the street. You begin to feel like you are a part of something bigger than you are. Start Topic 2 here The country life is a bit slower than that of the city a particular place is Clarksville Tennessee. Clarksville is a small town near a Military Installation. When the soldiers are gone its like living in a ghost town, because the military make up most of the population. The campgrounds are lots of fun, but you have to drive an hour away to Kentucky to enjoy the scenery.The country life is mostly dealt with outdoor activities. In the summer there are Barbeques, parks, swimming pools, and jazz on the lawn. Along the local streets there farms and lots of land for sale. Most of your neighbors own farmland and they have all sorts of farm animals, like cows, horses, and chickens. The air is not always as fresh as you think the re is the fertilizer, and the smell of the factories smoke. Clarksville is very close to the boarder of Oak Grove Kentucky; so driving to the next state to go to your local YMCA was never that fun.There is only a four-corner mall to shopat in Clarksville, so we drive an hour away to go to Nashville Tennessee where there are five malls. The town has a festival from time to time nothing too big due to limited of space available for the town activities. The downtown is very small they have a couple of bars and boutiques. There is one pub that is almost fun it’s called the Black Horse. You can eat, drink as well as dance and mingle. Clarksville is so slow that it makes you want to go back to sleep as soon as you wake up. There are lots of Amish settlers who still live in the town of Clarksville.They do not drive cars, or ride buses they still ride buggies that are pulled buy horses. The town caters to them, there are many signs around that say â€Å"reduce speed ahead: with the horse and buggy picture on them. The town is so spread out that you will have to own a car. The town’s transportation is scarce, there is CTS (Clarksville Transit System), but it stops at nine o clock in the evening, and it runs every two hours. It is very hard to live in the country, and most of all a big difference from the city. The comparison of the TwoLiving in the City of Chicago is quite the difference then living in Clarksville Tennessee, First you have to schedule a precise time just to meet your friend for coffee at Starbucks, or lunch at Abdo Mexican Grill and shopping at Macy’s due to the busy flow of traffic that is in the city. Going down town is big because of the people, the crowds are exciting, the different types of nationalities you see make you a part of a great country that has done away with racism. There are so many sites to see in Chicago; Sears Tower the Museums with all the nice exhibits and much more.However, in Clarksville There is no traffi c you can call your friend up anytime for a cup of coffee and meet right then. The only crowd of people are the ones inside of a Super Wal-Mart Store, in the only sites are your neighbors back yard looking at them barbecue: Unless you drive an hour away everyday to go see the sites in Kentucky or shop in Nashville Tennessee. Choosing the City life is great there is wade too much to see and do, Tall building lit up by beautiful lights at night, different nationalities of people Chinese, Mexicans, Indians, Koreans, Germans, Whites and blacks.The many choices of ethnic restaurants: enjoying food you like created by that race. Having a China town right in your own city, the cultural is so a live you think you really are in China. The people and their clothes, the stores are all Chinese stores, you cannot buy any American anything from China town. People being in a hurry cars moving fast, tall building, and not having to drive hours away to go to a mall is why living in the city is excit ing. The Conclusion

The State Based Justice System - 1550 Words

Before the rise of the developed state, crime and social order was maintained through informal social controls, such as ridicule and expulsion. Behaviour was controlled through norms and strong desires to maintain in-group conformity and solidarity. These societies had no centralized agent for formal control. This was known as community justice (Griffiths, 2011, p. 13). As societies developed and evolved, the informal community justice system was replaced by the formal state based justice system. As a result, crime was enforced by designated officials (Griffiths, 2011, p. 13). Despite the advantages of community justice empowering victims and reducing prison sentences, the state based justice system is best used in Canada as it is able to settle disputes between strangers, curb violence and achieve fairness and objectivity. State Based Justice System The state-based justice system is the current sanctioning system operating in Western societies. This system operates through a hierarchy controlled almost entirely by the government (Clear, Hamilton Cadora, 2011, p. 22). Specifically, the state based structure is organized through the federal, provincial and municipal levels. Each works separately with the collective goal of preventing and reducing crime (Griffiths, 2011, p. 5). With this structure, each jurisdiction is responsible for not encroaching on the other. For example, police do not infringe on the courts, prosecutors or correctional officials (Clear, et al., 2011,Show MoreRelatedIncarceration And High Disproportionality Of Aboriginal Offenders1347 Words   |  6 PagesBy incarcerating offenders the state based justice system ignores offenders needs and histories (Elliott, 2011, p. 72). The state assumes offenders are rational. This rationality is tied to the system looking at the individual lev el or the â€Å"bad apples† of responsibility (Zimbardo, 2008; Elliot, 2011, p. 72). 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Flood Barriers, Hurricane Barriers, and Storm Surge